Glossary - Theagricos

Acentric chromosome: Chromosome with no cetromere is called as acentric chromosome.
Acrocentric chromosome: Chromosome with centromere near one end is called as acrocentric chromosome.
Albuminous seed: Seed with a special food storage tissue (an endosperm) at maturity is called as albuminous seeds.
Allele or allelomorph: An allele or allelomorph is an alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome.
Allopolyploid: Allopolyploid is polyploid which contains two or more distinct genome derived from different species.
Allopolyploidy: When individual contains two or more distinct genome derived from different species, it is called as allopolyploidy.
Aneuploidy: The loss or gain of one or few chromosomes as compared to the somatic chromosome number of a species is called as aneuploidy.
Angiosperms: Angiosperms are flowering plants with the seed enclosed in a true fruit.
Anther culture: In anther culture haploid plants are obtained from pollens, by placing anthers on a suitable culture medium.
Artificial seed: Artificial seed is encapsulated plant propagule (somatic embryo / shoot bud) in a suitable matrix, containing substances like nutrients, growth regulators, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and mycorrhizae which will allow and help it to grow into a complete plantlet.
Autopolyploids: Autopolyploids are polyploids which have multiple copies of same genome.
Autopolyploidy: When individual contains multiple copies of same genome it is called as autopolyploidy.
Backcross: Cross of progeny with either of its parents is called as backcross.
Backcross Method: Backcross method is the one whose main objective is to incorporate desired gene, either dominant or recessive, to the highly productive, commercially successful variety which lacks that specific gene.
Backcross breeding: Backcross method of breeding is named as backcross breeding.
Biotechnology: Biotechnology is technique that uses or exploits living organisms, or components of organisms, to manufacture or modify products, to develop microorganisms for specific beneficial uses or to improve plants or animals so that they become more useful to the human being.
Breeder Seed: Breeder seed is the progeny of nucleus seed.
Broad sense Heritability: Ratio of additive variance to the total or phenotypic variance s called as broad sense heritability.
Bulk method: Bulk method is one of the methods which can handle segregating generations, in which F₂ and subsequent generations are harvested in bulk to grow the next generation.
Callus: The callus (callus culture) is a mass of highly vacuolated, unorganized cells resulting as a consequence of wounding in plants, and in tissue culture with the use of sophisticated techniques.
Cell: Cell is a basic, structural and functional unit of life of plants and animals.
Cell cycle: Cell cycle is the entire sequence of events happening right from the end of one nuclear division to the start of the next, simply, it is the orderly program of events which happen in the lifetime of a cell.
Cell division: Cell division is a process by which a cell (parent cell) divides into two or more cells (daughter cells). Cell division many times is a small segment of a larger cell cycle.
Centromere: Centromere is a region of DNA / chromosome (which contains highly repetitive DNA), appear mostly near the middle of a chromosome.
Certified Seed: Certified seed is the progeny of foundation seed.
Chromatids: Chromosome has two symmetrical structures at mitotic metaphase, these are called as chromatids.
Chromatin: Basic material of chromosome is called as chromatin.
Chromomeres: Chromomeres are serially aligned, small bead like accumulations of chromatin material that are visible along length of chromosome esp. during leptotene and zygotene stages of meiosis.
Chromonema or Chromonemata: Chromosomes appear as very thin filaments during mitotic prophase, these are called as chromonema or chromonemata, these are chromatids in the early stage of condensation.
chromosome: The DNA of cell is packed into compact units, thread-like structures called chromosomes.
Chromosome number: The chromosome number is the number of chromosomes in each cell of an organism.
Codominance: Sometimes both alleles of a gene in a heterozygote lack the dominant recessive relationship, both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the heterozygote it is called as codominance.
Coleoptile: Coleoptile is protective sheath covering the shoot apex of the embryo in monocotyledonous plants.
Combining ability: Combining ability is the capacity of an individual to transmit superior performance to its offspring.
Composite variety: Composite variety is a variety developed by mixing the seeds of various phenotypically outstanding lines possessing similarities for various characteristics like height, seed size, seed color, maturity etc.
Conservative Replication: Replication in which both strands of the new DNA molecule are newly synthesized strands; both strands of the parental DNA are conserved.
Constitutive heterochromatin: Type of heterochromatin whose DNA is permanently inactive is called as constitutive heterochromatin.
Cotyledon: Cotyledon is the embryonic first leaf of a germinating seed, often stores food materials.
Cross Pollination: Pollination in which pollens are transferred from anthers of one flower to the stigma of flower from another plant with the help of some kind of agency like wind, insects, water is called as cross pollination
Crossing over: Crossing over is a process that produces new combinations of genes by exchanging segments between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes normally reciprocally but sometimes unequally.
Cytokinesis: Cytoplasmic division is called as cytokinesis.